Functional Groups

Ether
- Contain an oxygen atom in the middle of two carbon chains
- Name by lowest number of carbons to highest
- functional group is "O" and ends in "ether"

Aldehydes
- An aldehyde is a compound that has a double bonded oxygen at the end of a chain
- The simplest aldehyde is methanal (also called formaldehyde)
- ends in -al

Carboxylic Acids
- Carboxylic acids are formed by the function group O=C-OH
- Use standard rules but change the parent chain ending to -oic acid
- The simplest carboxylic acid is methanoic acid

Esters
- Carbon chain separated by an oxygen
- Has double bonded oxygen
- ends in - oate
- Naming starts with carbon chain without double bonded oxygen

Nitro
- Standard naming rules
- Nitro in front of parent chain
- functional group : NO2

Amine
- Function group : N
- Separates carbon chains
- numbering starts from N & goes in alphabetical order
- ends in Amine
- bonded to either hydrogen or carbon
- Primary amines = 1 carbon chain
- Secondary amines = 2 carbon chains
- Tertiary amines = 3 carbon chains

Amides
- Functional group : O=C-N
- ends in -amide
- NH2 starts with double bonded oxygen

- JanCarlo Paysan

Aromatics

- Benzene (C6H6) is a cyclic hydrocarbon with unique bonds between the carbon atoms
- Structurally it can be drawn with alternating double bonds
- Careful analysis shows that all 6 C-C bonds are identical and really represent a 1.5 bond
- This is due to electron resistance
- electrons are free to move all around the ring

Aromatic Nomenclature
- A Benzene molecule is given a special diagram to show it's unique bond structure
- Benzene can be a parent chain or a side chain
- As a side chain it is given the name phenyl

- JanCarlo Paysan

Organic Chemistry

Nomenclature
- Organic chemistry is the study of Carbon compounds
   - Carbon forms multiple covalent bonds
- Carbon compounds can form chains, rins, or branches
   - there are less than 100 000 non-organic compounds
   - organic compounds number more than 17 000 000
- The simplest organic compounds are made of carbon and hydrogen
- Saturated compounds have no double or triple bonds
- Compounds with only single bonds are called alkanes and always end in -ane
- Isomer-two or more compounds with the same empirical formulas
- There are three categories of organic compounds
   - Straight Chains
      - rules for naming chain compounds
         - Circle the longest continuous chain and name this as the base chain -meth ,eth ,prop...
         - Number the base chain so side chains have the lowest possible numbers
         - Give each side chain using the -yl ending
         - Give each side chain the appropriate number
           - if there is more than one identical side chain numbers are slightly different
         - List side chains alphabetically
   - Cyclic Chains
   - Aromatics

- JanCarlo Paysan

Alicyclics

cyclopentane

-Are consists of 3 or more carbons
-Are single carbon bonds formed into a loop
-Prefix to name these kind of bonds are cyclo- (ex:cyclobutane)
-Side chains may also be alicyclic (ex: cyclobutyl)



-Paul Dinh

Halides

-Halides consists of F, Cl, Br, I.
-Are always side chains connected to carbon atoms
- When part of naming, Flourine would be Floro, Chlorine would be Chloro, Bromine would be Bromo, and Iodine would be Iodo. (ex: 1 floro 1 chloro 1 bromo 1 iodo methane)

-Paul Dinh

Alcohols and Ketones

Alcohols
-An alcohol is a part of the hydroxyl group
-Has an -OH on the end of the parent chain
- Follows the same nomenclature rules as other groups
-End in -ol (ex: ethanol)

Ketones
-A ketone is a part of the carbonyl group (carbon to oxygen)
-Has a double bond -O as a side chain from the parent group but never on the ends.
-Ends in -none (ex: butanone)

-Paul Dinh

Alkene(dbl bond) and Alkynes (triple bond)

Double bond (alkenes)

- Carbon can form double and triple bonds with other carbon atoms.
- When multiple bonds form fewer hydrogens are attached to the Carbon atom
  - The position of the double/ triple bonds will always have the lowest number
- double bonds alkenes end in -ene
- triple bonds end in -yne

Triple bond (alkynes)

-Paul Dinh